نشریه انجمن علمی روانشناسی ایران

نویسندگان

دانشگاه تهران

چکیده

: روانساز­ه­های ناسازگار اولیه از طریق تجربه­های کودکی، مخصوصا تجربه­های والدین- فرزندان، تشکیل می­شوند. این روانسازه­ها افکار، رفتار و روابط بین­شخصی فرد را در ادامه زندگی تحت تاثیر قرار می­دهند. کیفیت روابط زوجین از سبک­های والدگری و روانسازه­های برخاسته از آنها، تاثیر می­پذیرد. هدف اصلی این پژوهش بررسی نقش واسطه­ای روانسازه­های ناسازگار اولیه در رابطه بین سبک­های والدگری و مشکلات زناشویی بود. سیصد و هفتاد و هشت زن و مرد تهرانی (182 مرد، 196 زن) به صورت داوطلب در این پژوهش شرکت کردند. از          شرکت­کنندگان خواسته شد که پرسشنامه اقتدار والدین (PAQ)، فرم کوتاه پرسشنامه­ روانسازه یانگ (YSQ-SF) و پرسشنامه وضعیت زناشویی گلومبوک- راست (GRIMS) را تکمیل کنند. نتایج پژوهش نشان داد که بین سبک والدگری اقتداری والدین و مشکلات زناشویی فرزندان رابطه منفی معنادار و بین سبک­های والدگری آمرانه، سهل­گیرانه و مسامحه­کارانه والدین و مشکلات زناشویی فرزندان رابطه مثبت معنادار وجود دارد. بر اساس نتایج این پژوهش، روانسازه­های ناسازگار اولیه با مشکلات زناشویی رابطه مثبت معنادار داشتند. تحلیل­های آماری همچنین نشان داد که روانسازه­های ناسازگار اولیه در رابطه بین سبک­های والدگری و مشکلات زناشویی نقش واسطه­ای دارند. بر اساس   یافته­های این پژوهش، می­توان نتیجه گرفت که بعضی از سبک­های والدگری ممکن است باعث شکل­گیری روانسازه­های ناسازگار اولیه شوند و از طریق همین روانسازه­ها در مراحل بعدی زندگی زمینه مشکلات زناشویی و نارضایتی­های زوجین و خانواده­ها را فراهم سازند.

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

Mediating role of early maladaptive schemas on the relationship between parenting styles and marital problems

نویسندگان [English]

  • Mohammad Ali Besharat
  • Sepideh Dehghani
  • Fahime Sadat Tavalaeyan

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Family
  • Schema
  • Cognition
  • emotion
  • couple relationship
  • interpersonal problem
Antoine, P., Antoine, C., & Nandrino, J. L. (2008). Development and validation of the cognitive inventory of subjective distress. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 23, 1175-1182. Barsky Reese, J., Somers, T. J., Keefe, F. J., Mosley-Williams, A., & Lumley, M. A. (2010). Pain and functioning of rheumatoid arthritis patients based on marital status: Is a distressed marriage preferable to no marriage? Journal of Pain, 11, 958-964. Bartell, T. M. C. (2005). Factor associated with attachment in international adoptation. Unpublishing Doctorate Thesis. Kansas State University: USA. Baucom, D. H., & Boeding, S. (2013). The role of theory and research in the practice of cognitive- behavior couple therapy: If you build it, they will com. Journal of Behavior Therapy, In Press. Baumrind, D. (1989). Rearing competent children. In W. Damon (Ed.), Child development today and tomorrow (pp. 349-378). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. Baumrind, D. (1991). The influence of parenting style on adolescent competence and substance use. Journal of Early Adolescence, 11, 56-95. Baumrind, D., Larzelere, R. E., & Owens, E. B. (2010). Effects of preschool parents' power assertive patterns and practices on adolescent development. Journal of Parenting: Science And Practice,10, 157-201. Beck, A. T., Epstein, N. (1993). An inventory for measuring clinical anxiety: Psychometric properties. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 56, 893-897. Berge, J. M., Wall, M., Loth, K., & Neumark-Sztainer, D. (2010). Parenting style as a predictor of adolescent weight and weight-related behaviors. Journal of Adolescent Health ,46, 331-338. Booth-LaForce, C. M., & Oxford, M. L. (2008). Trajectories of social withdrawal from grades 1 to 6: Prediction from early parenting, attachment, and temperament. Journal of Developmental Psychology, 44, 1298-1313. Bradbury, T., Fincham, F., & Beach, S. (2008). Research on the nature and determinants of marital satisfaction: A decade in review. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 62, 964-980. Bugental, D. B., & Grusec, J. E. (2006). Socialization processes. In W. Damon & R. M. Lerner (Eds. In chief) & N. Eisenberg (Vol. Ed.), Handbook of child psychology: Vol. 3 Social, emotional nd personality development (pp. 366-428). New York: John Wiley and Sons. Buri, J. R. (1991). Parental Authority Questionnaire. Journal of Personality and Social Assessment, 57, 110-119. Coplan, R. J., Hastings, P. D., Lagace-Seguin, D. G., & Moulton, C. E. (2002). Authoritative and authoritarian mothers' parenting goals, attributions, andemotions across different childrearing contexts. Parenting: Science and Practice, 2, 1-26. Cukor, D. (2004). The relation between parenting patterns, childhood events, and cognitive schema. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: Science and Engineering, 65, 432. Cummings, E. M., & Davies, P. T. (2002). Effects of marital conflict on children: Recent advances and emerging themes in process-oriented research. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 43, 31-63. Darling, N., Cohan, C., Burns, A., & Thompson, L. (2008). Within-family conflict behaviors as predictors of conflict in adolescent romantic relations. Journal of Adolescence, 31, 671-690. Darling, N., & Steinberg, L. (1993). Parenting style in context: an integrative model. Journal of Psychological Bulletin, 113, 487-496. Davidov, M., & Grusec, J. E. (2006). Untangling the links of parental responsiveness to distress and warmth to child outcomes. Journal of Child Development, 77, 44-58. Dumitrescu, D., & Rusu, A. S. (2012). Relationship between early maladaptive schemas, couple satisfaction and individual mate value: An evolutionary psychological approach. Journal of Cognitive & Behavioral Psychotherapies, 12, 63-76. Epstein, N., & Baucom, D. H. (2002). Enhanced cognitive-behavioral therapy for couples: A contextual approach. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. Gabriel, B., Beach, S. R. H., & Bodenmann, G. (2010). Depression, marital satisfaction and communication in couples: Investigating gender differences. Journal of Behavior Therapy, 41, 306-316. Harris, A. E., & Curtin, L. (2002). Parental perceptions, early maladaptive schemas, and depressive symptoms in young adults. Journal of Cognitive Therapy and Research, 26, 405-416. Jaremka, L. M., Glaser, R., Malarkey, W. B., & Kiecolt-Glaser, J. K. (2013). Marital distress prospectively predicts poorer cellular immune function. Journal of Psychoneuroendocrinology. In Press. Johnson, A. K. (2006). Physical and psychological aggression and the use of parenting styles: A comparison of African-American and Caucasian families. Unpublishing Masters Thesis. University of Maryland: USA. Jones, C., Harris, G., & Leung, N. (2005). Parental rearing behaviours and eating disorders: The moderating role of core beliefs. Journal of Eating Behaviors, 6, 355-364. Katza, C., El-Gabalawy, R., Keyes, K. M., Martins, S. S. & Sareen, J. (2013). Risk factors for incident nonmedical prescription opioid use and abuse and dependence: Results from a longitudinal nationally representative sample. Journal of Drug and Alcohol Dependence, In press. Kima, J., Talbot, N. L., & Cicchetti, D. (2009). Childhood abuse and current interpersonal conflict: The role of shame. Journal of Child Abuse & Neglect, 33, 362-371. Kronmüller, K. T., Backenstrass, M., Victor, D., Postelnicu, I., Schenkenbach, C., Joest, K., et al. (2011). Testing the long-term efficacy of a prevention program for improving marital conflict in community families. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 32, 189-197. Leung, N., Thomas, G., & Waller, G. (2000). The relationship between parental bonding and core beliefs in anorexic and bulimic women. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 39, 205-213. Maccoby, E. E., & Martin, J. A. (1983). Socialization in the context of the family: Parent-child interaction. In P. Mussen (Ed.), Handbook of child psychology (Vol. 4, pp. 1-101). New York: Wiley. McGinn, L. K., Cukor, D., & Sanderson, W. C. (2005). The relationship between parenting style, cognitive style, and anxiety and depression: Does increased early adversity influence symptom severity through the mediating role of cognitive style? Journal of Cognitive Therapy and Research, 29, 219-242. Mears, G. S. (2012). Examining the relationship between emotional schemas, emotion intelligence and relationship satisfaction. Unpublished Doctorate Thesis. Liberty University: USA. Meyer, C., & Gillings, K. (2004). Parental bonding and bulimic psychopathology: The mediating role of mistrust/abuse beliefs. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 35, 229-233. Muris, P. (2006). Maladaptive schemas in non-clinical adolescents: Relations to perceived parental rearing behaviours, big five personality factors and psychopathological symptoms. Journal of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, 13, 405-413. Nijhof, K. S., & Engles, R. C. M. E. (2007). Parenting style, coping strategies, and the expression of homesickness. Journal of Adolescence, 30, 709-720. Önder, A., & Gülay, H. (2009). Reliability and validity of parenting styles & dimensions questionnaire. Journal of Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences, 1, 508-514. Özmena, O., & Atik, G. (2010). Attachment styles and marital adjustment of Turkish married individuals. Journal of Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences, 5, 367-371. Pellerin. L. A. (2005). Applying Baumrind_s parenting typology to high schools: Toward a middle-range theory of authoritative socialization. Journal of Social Science Research, 34, 283-303. Rinaldia, C. M., & Howe, N. (2012). Mothers’ and fathers’ parenting styles and associations with toddlers’ externalizing, internalizing, and adaptive behaviors. Journal of Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 27, 266-273. Rust, J., Bennun, I., Crow, M., & Golombok, S. (1986). The Golombok-Rust Inventory of Marital State Questionnaire. Sexual and Marital Therapy, 1, 55-60. Schmidt, N. B., Joiner, T. E., Young, J. E., & Telch, M. J. (1995). The schema questionnaire: Investigation of psychometric properties and the hierarchical structure of a measure of maladaptive schemas. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 19, 295-301. Sheffield, A., Waller, G., Emanuelli, F., Murray, J., & Meyer, C. (2005). Links between parenting and core beliefs: preliminary psychometric validation of the young parenting inventory. Journal of Cognitive Therapy and Research, 29, 787-802. Sheffield, A., Waller, G., Emanuelli, F., Murray, J., & Meyer. C. (2009). Do Schema Processes Mediate Links between Parenting and Eating Pathology? Journal of European Eating Disorders Review, 17, 290-300. Soyguy, G., & Çakir, Z. (2009). The Mediating role of the interpersonal schemas between parenting styles and psychological symptoms: A schema focused view, Journal of Turk psikiyatri dergisi, 20, 144-152. Steinberg, L. (2001). We know some things: parent-adolescent relationships in retrospect and in prospect. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 11, 1-19. Stiles, O. E. (2004). Early maladaptive schemas and intimacy in young adult’s romantic relationships. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Alliant International University. Strohschein, L. (2005). Parental divorce and child mental health trajectories. Journal of Marriage and Family, 67, 1286-1300. Stroud, C. B., Durbin, C. E., Saigal, S. D., & Knobloch-Fedders, L. M. (2010). Normal and abnormal personality traits are associated with marital satisfaction for both men and women: An Actor–Partner Interdependence Model analysis. Journal of Research in Personality, 44, 466-477. Stutzman, S. V., Bean, R. A.,, Miller, R. B., Day, R. D., Feinauer, L. L., Porter, C. L. et al. (2011). Marital conflict and adolescent outcomes: A cross-ethnic group comparison of Latino and European American youth. Journal of Children and Youth Services Review, 33, 663-668. Thimm, J. C. (2010). Mediation of early maladaptive schemas between perceptions of parental rearing style and personality disorder symptoms. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 41, 52-59. Vrijmoeth, C., Monbaliu, E., Lagast, E., & Prinzie, P. (2012). Behavioral problems in children with motor and intellectual disabilities: Prevalence and associations with maladaptive personality and marital relationship. Journal of Research in Developmental Disabilities, 33, 1027-1038. Whitson, S., & El-Sheikh, M. (2010). Marital conflict and health: Processes and protective factors. Journal of Aggression and Violent Behavior, 8, 283-312. Wolfe, D. A., Jaffe, P., & Crooks, C. (2006). Adolescent risk behaviors: Why teens experiment and strategies to keep them safe. New Haven: Yale University Press. Wolfe, D. A., & McIsaac, C. (2011). Distinguishing between poor/dysfunctional parenting and child emotional maltreatment. Journal of Child Abuse & Neglect, 35, 802-813. Young, J. E., & Brown, G. (1999). Young Schema Questionnaire-L3a. Cognitive Therapy Center of New York: Authors. Young, J., E., Klosko, J. S., & Weishaar, M. E. (2003). Schema therapy: A Practitioner' s guide. New York: Guilford Press. Zeigler-Hill, V., Green, B. A., Arnau, R. C., Sisemore, T. B., & Myers, E. M. (2011). Trouble ahead, trouble behind: Narcissism and early maladaptive schemas. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Exprimental Psychiatry, 42, 96-103.