Ali Moshtaghi; Asghar Jafari
Abstract
Marriage affects the cognitive, emotional, and behavioral health of young couples. Interpersonal trust and cognitive flexibility play a role in family functioning. The purpose of the present study was to determine the effectiveness of imago therapy in increasing interpersonal trust and cognitive flexibility ...
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Marriage affects the cognitive, emotional, and behavioral health of young couples. Interpersonal trust and cognitive flexibility play a role in family functioning. The purpose of the present study was to determine the effectiveness of imago therapy in increasing interpersonal trust and cognitive flexibility in young couples. A quasi-experimental design was used. The statistical population included young couples who referred to Salam Counseling and Psychology Center in Esfahan in 2022. Through purposive sampling method, 16 couples who met the inclusion criteria were selected; they were randomly assigned to the two groups of imago therapy and control (n1=n2=8). Research instruments were Rempel and Holmes’s (2007) Interpersonal Relationship Trust questionnaire and Dennis and Vanderwal’s (2010) Cognitive Flexibility questionnaire, which were administered to the two groups in three stages. In addition, Muro et al.’s (2016) Imago Therapy program was implemented in the experimental group during ten weekly 60-minute sessions. Data were analyzed using mixed model repeated measures ANOVA. Findings showed that imago therapy could increase interpersonal trust and cognitive flexibility in young couples and this effect was sustained in the follow-up phase (P < 0.001). Therefore, it could be concluded that imago therapy was effective in increasing interpersonal trust and cognitive flexibility in young couples. Accordingly, it is suggested that this treatment package be used for the recovery of interpersonal trust and cognitive flexibility of couples.
Farhad Khoemaei; Faramarz Kashkoli; Seyed Mehdi Poorseyed
Abstract
The concept of emotional security, based on the theories of Davies and Cummings (1994) and Cummings and Davies (1996), refers to a state in which children maintain a secure, positive, and consistent perception of family relationships despite encountering stressful situations. This study aimed to assess ...
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The concept of emotional security, based on the theories of Davies and Cummings (1994) and Cummings and Davies (1996), refers to a state in which children maintain a secure, positive, and consistent perception of family relationships despite encountering stressful situations. This study aimed to assess the Emotional Security scale (Forman & Davies, 2005) for high school students, focusing on its validity, reliability, and factor structure. The research involved 503 high school students in Bushehr. They were selected using a multi-stage cluster random sampling method. To verify the validity of the Emotional Security scale in the family system, construct validity (confirmatory factor analysis) was used. In addition, Cronbach’s alpha coefficient and structural reliability were used in SPSS and AMOS software to verify reliability. The model’s fit was confirmed by goodness indices (X2/df = 2.99, GFI = 0.96, AGFI = 0.90, CFI = 0.92, NFI = 0.95, PCFI = 0.70, RMSEA = 0.60, and PCIOSE = 0.24). The research results confirmed the presence of three factors, including security, mental preoccupation, and withdrawal in the Emotional Security scale within the family system. The Cronbach’s alpha indexes for security components (0.81), mental preoccupation (0.75), and withdrawal (0.74) were found to be satisfactory. Consequently, it could be concluded that the Emotional Security scale within the family system is a reliable and useful instrument for assessing the emotional security of Iranian students in psychological studies, and can be applied in research about emotional security within the family system.
ali khodaei; Omid Shokri
Abstract
The undeniable necessity of understanding parental behaviors from a contextual perspective has encouraged various researchers to study the functional characteristics of parenting practices depending on the contexts such as academic learning, interaction with peers, and the daily life of children and ...
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The undeniable necessity of understanding parental behaviors from a contextual perspective has encouraged various researchers to study the functional characteristics of parenting practices depending on the contexts such as academic learning, interaction with peers, and the daily life of children and adolescents. Therefore, this research study was conducted to analyze the factorial validity and psychometric properties of the Persian version of the Academic Parenting Scale. In this descriptive survey, 350 mothers were selected through accessible sampling method. They filled out the Academic Parenting Scale (Wang et al., 2022), Parenting Wisdom Scale (Boumpouli et al., 2022), and the Strength-based Parenting Scale (Jach et al., 2018). The results of the confirmatory factor analysis showed that the Academic Parenting Scale had good factorial validity with a four-factor structure consisting of parental warmth, parenting focused on behavioral control, parenting focused on psychological control, and parental support. Indices of 2χ, 2χ/df, CFI, GFI, AGFI, and RMSEA were equal to 904.66, 1.85, 0.93, 0.95, 0.93, and 0.05, respectively. In addition, the results concerning the correlation between the dimensions of academic parenting with strength-based parenting and different facets of parental wisdom supported the convergent validity of the Persian version of the Academic Parenting Scale. Moreover, the internal consistency coefficients of academic parenting subscales, including warmth, behavioral control, psychological control, and independence-encouraging parenting, were equal to 0.80, 0.79, 0.84, and 0.79, respectively. In sum, while defending the conceptual positions derived from the self-determination theory in the development of a contextual approach to parenting behaviors and expanding the frontier of theoretical knowledge in the field of emerging and contextual studies of educational parenting, this research study provided compelling evidence in preliminary support of the technical characteristics of validity and reliability of the Persian version of Academic Parenting Scale.
marzieh karimi; sadegh nasri; Fatemeh Ghaemi
Abstract
Considering the specific characteristics of autism spectrum disorder, parents (especially mothers) are under a lot of pressure. It is important to identify the factors which help reduce this pressure. Therefore, the present study examined the structural relationships of fathers’ involvement and ...
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Considering the specific characteristics of autism spectrum disorder, parents (especially mothers) are under a lot of pressure. It is important to identify the factors which help reduce this pressure. Therefore, the present study examined the structural relationships of fathers’ involvement and mothers’ parenting stress with the mediating role of family functioning, resilience, and social support in mothers of autistic children. The research method was descriptive-correlational and a structural equation model was used. Among the autism schools in Tehran, four schools were randomly selected and 276 volunteer mothers participated in the research study. They were asked to fill out Phetrasuwan and Miles’ (2009) Parenting Stress Scale: Autism, Olson et al.’s (1985) Family Adaptability and Cohesion Evaluation Scale, Conner and Davidson’s (2003) Resilience Scale, Zimmet et al.’s (1988) Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support, and Fathers’ Involvement Questionnaire. Data were analyzed using Smart PLS software (version 3.2). The results indicated that fathers’ involvement and resilience had a direct negative effect on mothers’ parenting stress. In addition, fathers’ involvement had an indirect effect on mothers’ parenting stress through the mediation of family functioning (p < 0.05). A significant relationship was also observed between family functioning and mothers’ resilience. According to the obtained results, it seems that fathers’ involvement as an external factor and resilience as an internal factor played a role in predicting parenting stress (p < 0.05). In addition, the adaptive functioning of the family could strengthen the role of fathers’ involvement in reducing mothers’ stress. The results can be used in predicting the parenting stress of mothers of autistic children.
Ali Raeisi; Abbas Rahmati; anahita tashk
Abstract
Marital infidelity is considered one of the most important risk factors of marital relationships, the disclosure of which puts the betrayed individual in a dilemma of staying or leaving the relationship. The current research aimed to investigate the factors that made women who were betrayed decide to ...
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Marital infidelity is considered one of the most important risk factors of marital relationships, the disclosure of which puts the betrayed individual in a dilemma of staying or leaving the relationship. The current research aimed to investigate the factors that made women who were betrayed decide to continue their relationship with their husbands despite disclosing their husbands’ infidelity. The statistical population of this study included all the betrayed women of Kerman who remained in the relationship despite the disclosure of their husbands’ betrayal. The sample included 16 women who were betrayed in Kerman. They were selected purposively using theoretical and snowball sampling methods. The data were collected through semi-structured in-depth interviews. In addition, the data was analyzed through the qualitative method of Grounded Theory and the systematic analysis approach of Strauss and Corbin. The analysis of the obtained data led to the identification of 38 concepts and 12 axial codes, which were categorized into three general conditions: causal conditions, contextual conditions, and intervening conditions, all centered around the main theme of "staying after spousal infidelity disclosure." The results of this study indicated that the betrayed women continued to live with their spouses under causal conditions (i.e., the presence of children, affection for the spouse, spouse’s trust-building behaviors, lack of family support, mutual infidelity, and attitudes and beliefs), contextual conditions (i.e., social and cultural pressures, personal and psychological characteristics, and legal constraints on women), and intervening conditions (i.e., financial and economic issues, the type of spouse’ betrayal, and the support of the spouse’s family).
Maryam Khodakarami fard; khadijeh Shirali Nia; Khaled Aslani
Abstract
Female faculty members who are mothers experience overwhelming pressures to comply with the standards of their institutions for promotion and at the same time fulfill their responsibilities as parents. One of the most important concerns of working mothers is creating a balance between the simultaneous ...
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Female faculty members who are mothers experience overwhelming pressures to comply with the standards of their institutions for promotion and at the same time fulfill their responsibilities as parents. One of the most important concerns of working mothers is creating a balance between the simultaneous roles of maternity and employment, which has received attention in recent decades. The present study aimed to examine the experiences of female faculty members who simultaneously play the roles of maternity and employment. The current research is a qualitative study of psychological descriptive phenomenology in which nine participants were selected through purposive sampling method in Ahvaz. In-depth interviews were used to collect data. The interviews continued until the data saturation emerged. The data analysis showed eight constituents, namely disorder and chaos, professional tension, feeling guilty about not being a good mother, demoralization, exhaustion of parenting, increased reactivity towards children’s misbehaviors, hope and meaning in the maternal role, and receiving support from the family. The analysis of the obtained results showed that the psychological consequences of playing maternal-occupational roles can seriously damage the mental health of working mothers. Thus, it is appropriate to pay attention to working women and prepare them to accept the roles through mental health programs and family-friendly plans.
Razieh Nadri; Masoud Sadeghi; Firoozeh Ghazanfari
Abstract
Marriage plays a very important role in the lives of most adults; it gives meaning to people’s lives. Thus, the existence of conflicts can be threatening. These conflicts can increase mental rumination of anger and decrease marital virtues. The present study was conducted to investigate the effectiveness ...
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Marriage plays a very important role in the lives of most adults; it gives meaning to people’s lives. Thus, the existence of conflicts can be threatening. These conflicts can increase mental rumination of anger and decrease marital virtues. The present study was conducted to investigate the effectiveness of emotion-based cognitive-behavioral therapy in the mental rumination of anger and marital virtues. The statistical population included couples with marital conflicts referring to the family counseling centers of Alshatar. The sample size included three couples, who were voluntarily selected and underwent emotional-based cognitive-behavioral couple therapy. In this research, a single-case design with multiple baselines was used. The emotion-based cognitive-behavioral couple therapy protocol was implemented during fifteen 60-minute intervention sessions, and the participants responded to the Anger Rumination Scale (Suchodolsky et al., 2001), Marital Virtues Scale (Fawcett et al., 2013), and Marital Conflict Scale (Sanaei, 2000). The data were analyzed by visual drawing method, stable change index, and recovery percentage formula. The findings of the study showed that the stable changes in the variable of mental rumination of anger in three couples were 2.71, 2.06, and 3.28 and in the variable of marital virtues were 2.76, 3.45, and 2.16. In addition, the recovery rates in the post-treatment phase in the variable of mental rumination of anger were 41.98, 33.80, and 41.00 with the mean of 38.92, and in the variable of marital virtues were 51.02, 45.20, and 54.71 with the mean of 50.31, which was included in the spectrum of successful treatment. Therefore, this research showed that emotion-based cognitive-behavioral couple therapy was effective in reducing mental rumination of anger and increasing marital virtues. Therefore, it can be used to reduce mental rumination of anger and increase marital virtues.
mohammad saleh tayeb nia; Rahele kardavani
Abstract
Gender is one of the influential factors in understanding a phenomenon and the ways of dealing with it. Analyzing individuals’ mindsets and attitudes towards a phenomenon based on gender can be considered a form of gender analysis. One of the fundamental issues in society, with the transition from ...
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Gender is one of the influential factors in understanding a phenomenon and the ways of dealing with it. Analyzing individuals’ mindsets and attitudes towards a phenomenon based on gender can be considered a form of gender analysis. One of the fundamental issues in society, with the transition from the traditional era, is the issue of marriage as a complex phenomenon with various analytical aspects. Studying this phenomenon from a gender perspective, which has significant effects in biological, psychological, and social dimensions, can provide a more accurate understanding of it and facilitate planning in this regard. This research study is based on semi-structured interviews conducted with a sample of 30 single university students in state universities in Isfahan. The analysis of marriage, to understand the relationship between gender and students’ mindset about this important personal and social phenomenon, was conducted using content analysis. The findings indicated that despite the reduced social pressure regarding gender divisions compared to the past and the understanding of students, both males and females, of marriage as a logical necessity for the future, there are still gender-oriented differences in terms of philosophy, conditions, barriers, and future of marriage. The study showed that boys mainly perceived marriage as a bilateral transaction with broad economic dimensions and social consequences which originate from the philosophy of commitment and dedication to the family. On the other hand, despite hesitation and differentiation, girls associated this issue with concepts of love, trust, equality, and the need for connection. The results of this research study can contribute to understanding marriage as a gendered issue; they are useful in policy-making in the field of marriage and family formation among young university students.
Marziyeh Sadeghzadeh; Maryam Safari Shirazi; Moslem Abbasi; Farzaneh Bahrami
Abstract
Being a parent can be considered one of the most important and at the same time the most enjoyable life experiences of any individual; however, for some fathers and mothers, this role is associated with increasing challenges and can become a source of daily or chronic tensions and ultimately burnout. ...
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Being a parent can be considered one of the most important and at the same time the most enjoyable life experiences of any individual; however, for some fathers and mothers, this role is associated with increasing challenges and can become a source of daily or chronic tensions and ultimately burnout. Therefore, the present study investigated the mediating role of self-criticism in the relationship between mothers’ early memories of warmth and safeness and their experiences of parental burnout. This research is a descriptive cross-sectional study based on structural equation modeling which studied a sample of mothers in Isfahan (i.e., 319 mothers). The statistical population included mothers who had preschool children in the academic year of 2020-2021, and the data was collected virtually based on available sampling method. The research instruments included the Parental Burnout Assessment (Roskam et al., 2018), Forms of Criticism/Self-Attacking and Self-Reassuring Scale (Gilbert et al., 2004), and Early Memories of Warmth and Safeness scale (Richter et al., 2009). The results showed that the causal model of the relationship between mothers’ early memories of warmth and safeness, self-criticism, and the experience of parental burnout had a good fitness (CMIN / DF= 2.91, GFI = 0.97, CFI = 0.97, IFI = 0.97, NFI = 0.96, RMSEA = 0.067). Early memories of warmth and safeness had a direct and significant effect on self-criticism (β = -0.39, P < 0.001). Self-criticism also had a direct and significant effect on mothers’ parental burnout (β = 0.75, P < 0.001). However, mothers’ early memories of warmth and safeness did not have a direct effect on parental burnout. Moreover, the findings showed that mothers’ early memories of warmth and safeness with the mediation of self-criticism had an indirect effect on parental burnout, and this model could explain nearly 54% of the variance of parental burnout (P < 0.001).
Maryam Jelokhanian; Seyed Hamid Atashpour; Mohammad Ali Nadi
Abstract
Codependency is a communication pattern characterized by controlling others and intense anxiety about intimacy. Considering the negative consequences and the creation of marital conflicts due to the problems of codependency of couples, it is necessary to take steps to reduce it. This research was conducted ...
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Codependency is a communication pattern characterized by controlling others and intense anxiety about intimacy. Considering the negative consequences and the creation of marital conflicts due to the problems of codependency of couples, it is necessary to take steps to reduce it. This research was conducted to examine the effectiveness of the educational package of the integrative self-analytical approach for couples in the codependency of conflicted couples. In terms of objectives, this study was practical and in terms of method, it was a quasi-experimental of pretest-posttest-follow-up type with a control group. The statistical population included all conflicted couples who were referred to counseling centers in Isfahan. Thirty couples were selected through available sampling method and random selection. They were assigned randomly into two experimental and control groups according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The research instrument was Holyoke’s Correlation questionnaire (Dear & Roberts, 2000). Before the sessions, a pretest was taken from both groups. The experimental group was subjected to 12 150-minute sessions of a package training on integrative self-analytical approach for couples and the control group did not receive any training. At the end of the sessions and two months after them, a posttest and a follow-up were taken from both groups. Data analysis was done through repeated measures analysis of variance using SPSS software (version 24). The results showed that the educational package of the integrative self-analytical approach for couples was effective in reducing the dimensions of couples’ codependency (i.e., external focus, self-sacrifice, and reactivity) and had lasting effects in the follow-up phase (P>0.001). It seems that the integrative self-analysis training package for couples can be effective in reducing their codependency due to having an integrative perspective on couples’ issues.
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